Arjan Singh was an icon of India’s military history and the only officer to hold the five-star rank of Marshal of the Indian Air Force (IAF), an honor equivalent to a Field Marshal in the Army. A man of extraordinary courage, discipline, and vision, Arjan Singh left an indelible mark on the IAF and the nation. He served as the Chief of the Air Staff during the Indian Air Force’s first modern-age combat in 1965. At just 44 years old, he was entrusted with the leadership of the Indian Air Force, a role he carried out with remarkable flair and confidence.
Early Life and Career
Born on April 15, 1919, in Lyallpur (now Faisalabad, Pakistan), Arjan Singh belonged to a military family. He joined the Royal Air Force College at Cranwell in the United Kingdom at the age of 19 and was commissioned as a pilot officer in 1939. His career spanned an impressive 44 years, during which he saw the transformation of the IAF from a fledgling force into a powerful and modern organization.
Click here to check the service records of ACM Arjan Singh.
Achievements and Contributions
World War II Service:
Arjan Singh was promoted to Squadron Leader in 1944 and led his squadron against the Japanese during the Arakan Campaign. He provided close air support during the critical Imphal Campaign and later helped the allied forces advance to Rangoon, Burma. For his leadership in combat, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in 1944. After the war, he commanded the IAF Display Flight, flying Hawker Hurricanes across India for demonstrations. On 15 August 1947, he had the distinct honor of leading a fly-past of over 100 IAF aircraft over the Red Fort in Delhi.
Leadership During the 1965 War:
On 1 August 1964, Arjan Singh assumed the role of Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of Air Marshal, marking the peak of his career. He was the first Air Chief to maintain his flying category even at the CAS rank. Having flown over 60 different types of aircraft, ranging from pre-World War II biplanes to modern Gnats and Vampires, he also piloted transport aircraft like the Super Constellation.
Arjan Singh faced a critical test in September 1965 when war broke out in the subcontinent. During Pakistan’s Operation Grand Slam, which aimed to capture the key town of Akhnur with an armored offensive, he was called to the Defence Minister’s office and asked to provide air support.
While some mistakes were made, and planning could have been stronger, credit for halting Ayub Khan’s ambitious plan to capture Kashmir is rightfully shared by the Indian Army, the Indian Air Force, and Arjan Singh, who led the Air Force with distinction during the conflict.
He once recounted “Pakistan had a qualitatively superior force that included modern fighters such as F-86 Sabres and F-104 Star fighters. The Indian Air Force had Mysteres, Vampires, Ouragans, Hunters, and Gnats in its inventory. We were fighting against all odds as they had air-to-air missiles and we just had a few Russian MiG’s that were not used much in the war.”
“But, with sheer skills and bravery of IAF pilots, Pakistan was losing its aircraft at a fast rate and was keen on accepting the ceasefire. Because of international pressure and other considerations, India agreed to the ceasefire.”
In an interview to Gaurav Sawant he said “In 1965 war, IAF destroyed 123 Pakistani tanks & hit 72 ammunition trains. Had it not been for IAF, India would have lost Kashmir in 1965”
Modernization of the IAF:
He played a pivotal role in transitioning the IAF into a jet era by inducting modern aircraft and streamlining operational doctrines.
First Five-Star Air Force Officer:
In recognition of his outstanding service, he was conferred the honorary rank of Marshal of the Indian Air Force in 2002, becoming the only IAF officer to achieve this distinction.
International Recognition:
He represented India on various global platforms, including as India’s Ambassador to Switzerland, Kenya, and the Vatican.
Interesting Facts
- Arjan Singh was just 45 years old when he became the Chief of Air Staff, making him one of the youngest to hold this position.
- He was an exceptional pilot, adept at flying over 60 different types of aircraft.
- Despite his towering military achievements, he was known for his humility and personal warmth.
- He was a recipient of the Padma Vibhushan, India’s second-highest civilian honor, for his contributions during the 1965 war.
Quotes by Arjan Singh
Legacy
Arjan Singh passed away on September 16, 2017, at the age of 98, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire. The Indian Air Force base at Panagarh, West Bengal, was renamed “Air Force Station Arjan Singh” in his honor.
As a leader, warrior, and visionary, Arjan Singh’s life exemplified dedication to the service of the nation. His legacy is not just etched in the annals of the Indian Air Force but also in the hearts of millions who draw inspiration from his unparalleled achievements and values.
Fascinating Stories About Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh
Arjan Singh’s life was full of remarkable moments that exemplified his bravery, leadership, and humility. Here are some fascinating stories from his illustrious career and personal life:
1. The “Hurricane Hero” of Burma
During World War II, Arjan Singh flew the Hawker Hurricane aircraft in the Burma Campaign against the Japanese. In 1944, he led a daring mission in the face of overwhelming odds to defend Imphal from enemy forces. Despite limited resources, he inspired his squadron to outmaneuver the Japanese, ensuring critical supply lines remained open.
- Fun Fact: His leadership during the Burma Campaign earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) at just 25 years of age.
2. A Moment of Crisis During the 1965 Indo-Pak War
In the early days of the 1965 Indo-Pak War, India was caught by surprise when Pakistan launched a major attack, especially in Kashmir. The situation was tense, and India was under pressure to respond swiftly. In a critical meeting, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri asked Arjan Singh, the Chief of Air Staff, whether the Indian Air Force could strike back and provide support.
Arjan Singh, who had full confidence in the capabilities of the Air Force, responded with remarkable assurance, saying, “Within the hour.” This was not just a bold statement, but a reflection of his readiness and belief in the preparedness of his force. True to his word, the IAF launched airstrikes almost immediately, striking Pakistan’s positions and giving India the necessary air superiority.
This quick and decisive response from Singh played a significant role in halting Pakistan’s advances and turning the tide of the conflict. His leadership and confidence helped bolster morale on the ground, and the IAF’s successful operations were a key factor in India’s defense during the war. Arjan Singh’s ability to act with such clarity and speed in the face of uncertainty demonstrated his exceptional leadership.
3. Arjan Singh’s Daring Rescue Mission
Once, as a young pilot, Singh was part of a mission where he had to escort a squadron of aircraft over treacherous terrain in bad weather. When one of the aircraft had engine trouble, Singh took charge, navigating the group safely back to base while ensuring the struggling aircraft landed without incident.
- His cool-headed decision-making under pressure earned him immense respect among his peers.
4. The Humble Marshal
Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh was not only a brilliant strategist and war hero but also a leader who was humble and compassionate. One particular incident brings out these qualities so well and is a much cherished story among the Indian Air Force personnel.
During one of his routine visits to an airbase, Arjan Singh saw an airman working under the scorching sun. The job was mundane yet essential: the airman was cleaning equipment and getting it ready for the next round of operations. Singh was impeccably dressed in his uniform and could have just looked and moved on, as was the norm for someone of his status. But that was not his style.
Instead he walked up to the airman and started asking him about the job. The airman was initially nervous in the presence of such a high ranking officer but relaxed soon as Singh’s warm smile put him at ease. Seeing the airman was working alone on a job that could take hours, Singh didn’t just offer words of encouragement. To everyone’s surprise he removed his coat, rolled up his sleeves and started helping the airman with his work.
The sight of the Marshal, a five star officer, working alongside a junior airman in the scorching heat was inspiring and humbling for everyone present. It said a lot about his character and his belief in the dignity of labour. He never considered himself above anyone, no matter the rank or position. For him the success of the Indian Air Force was built on the collective effort of every individual, from the highest ranking officers to the ground staff.
After the job was done Singh patted the airman on the back and told him well done. As he walked away those who saw the scene were left in awe of their leader. The story spread like wildfire through the ranks and became a hallmark of Arjan Singh’s leadership style – empathy, respect and leading by example.
This is why Arjan Singh was not only a commander but a true leader. His actions conveyed a powerful message: greatness lies in humility and leadership is about serving others not commanding them. No wonder even decades after he retired he is still a revered figure whose stories continue to inspire generations of air warriors.
5. A Pilot’s Love for Flying
Arjan Singh was a born aviator. Even as a senior officer, he often flew aircraft personally. In fact, he continued flying well into his 50s, testing new planes and leading from the cockpit.
- When a young pilot once hesitated during a training exercise, Singh took control of the aircraft and performed the maneuver himself, proving that experience and skill were the ultimate teachers.
6. The War Hero Who Defied Protocol
After the 1965 Indo-Pak War, where the Indian Air Force played a pivotal role under Arjan Singh’s leadership, he attended an international military conference. The event brought together senior officers from air forces worldwide to discuss strategies and share experiences from recent conflicts.
During one of the sessions, a senior officer from a Western nation made a dismissive remark about the Indian Air Force. He implied that it was relatively inexperienced and lacked the sophistication of more established air forces. The comment was made in a casual tone, but it was clear that it was meant to undermine the IAF’s contributions and capabilities.
Arjan Singh, known for his calm and composed demeanor, listened intently. Instead of reacting emotionally, he waited for the right moment to respond. When the discussion turned to the 1965 war, Singh confidently presented a detailed account of how the Indian Air Force had executed its operations. He spoke about the tactical decisions, the swift mobilization of resources, and the innovative strategies employed by the IAF to counter Pakistan’s air force.
What made his response even more impactful was his use of specific examples. He described missions where the IAF had outmaneuvered the enemy despite facing challenging odds, showcasing the skill and professionalism of Indian pilots. His measured tone and factual presentation left the room in silence. The same officer who had dismissed the IAF earlier could only nod in acknowledgment.
Arjan Singh didn’t stop there. He also highlighted how the IAF had modernized rapidly, adapting to new technologies and methods in record time. By the time he finished, it was clear to everyone in the room that the Indian Air Force was a force to be reckoned with, and Singh’s leadership was a key reason for its success.
This incident not only silenced critics but also earned the Indian Air Force immense respect on the global stage. Arjan Singh’s ability to address criticism with poise and present his case with authority demonstrated why he was not just a great military leader but also a diplomat and visionary.
7. The Last Salute to a Friend
Arjan Singh’s lifelong friendship with Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw was a testament to mutual respect between two military legends. When Manekshaw passed away in 2008, Singh, despite being frail, attended the funeral to salute his friend, embodying the value of loyalty.
8. A Visionary Leader’s Touch
During his tenure, Singh revolutionized the way the IAF approached its operations. He once personally supervised the setup of a new base in a remote area, ensuring that his officers and airmen had the necessary facilities.
- When asked why he was so involved, he replied, “A leader’s responsibility doesn’t end with orders. It begins with ensuring those orders can be carried out.”
Arjan Singh’s stories remind us that greatness is not just about achievements but about character, values, and the impact one has on others. His legacy is a treasure trove of inspiration for generations to come.
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